POST GATE EXAM

WHAT AFTER GATE EXAM::



First of all you all have to take a good analysis of previous year rank and there score and you have to predict about your rank as well as score also. By doing this you will get a very  near score to your actual score.
Now, again start a good analysis upon previous year admission scenario.This will give you an idea of 'where can i get admission' or 'where should i have to apply'.
You have completed your B.E. or B.Tech. so well. and now you are going to apply for M.E. or M.tech  
admissions.Before applying to any college get whole information about that college (like hostel facility, Campus or other factors.)

On 15th March result will be displayed on GATE website and then admission procedure will start so quickly meanwhile you have to prepare for what is coming to next.

• CCMT is a website where we can apply for NIT's to get admission. CCMT is a single point from where we can apply for all NIT's in a single time'
• To apply IIT colleges you have to apply separately for each college.

BEL recruitment 2013

Post: probationary engineer(PE)

Vacancies:

• ECE:80
• ME:25
• CSE:45
• TOTAL:150

Processing Fee: 500/- (sc/st are free from fee)

The maximum age limit for General candidates is 25 years of age as on 01.06.2013 for all posts.


Last Date : 18/3/2013

For more information visit  http://jobapply.in/BEL2013GATE/DetailsAdv.htm

ISRO 2013 recruitment 'SC' (scientist/engineer)

Post:

• scientist/engineer

Eligibility:

• BE/B.Tech or equivalent in First Class with an aggregate minimum of 65% marks (average of marks of all semesters for which results are available). Candidates who are slated to complete the BE/B.Tech course in the academic year 2012-13 are also eligible to apply provided the final Degree is awarded latest by 31.8.2013.

Age Limit:

• 35 years as on 04-03-2013. Ex-serviceman and Persons with Disabilities[PWD] are eligible for age relaxation as per Govt. of India orders). For PWD persons, orders on reservation to the extent applicable will be extended for the above posts.

 Pay Band:

•  15600-39100 with grade pay of Rs. 5400/-.

Last date for online application fill up is: 04/03/2013

Last date for challan reception at centre is:11/03/2013

for more information visit: http://www.isac.gov.in/CentralBE/advt.jsp.

microprocessor vs microcontroller

• microprocessor is a stand alone device while microcontroller

             is not a stand alone device & it is connected directly to 
             the system external components.

• In Microprocessor more op-codes, few bit handling 

instructions. But in Microcontroller fewer op- codes, more 
bit handling Instructions, and also it is defined as a 
device that includes micro processor, memory & input / 
output signal lines on a single chip.

• In Microprocessor we have to connect external RAM, ROM,

I/o, Timers and interrupts by externally, whereas in
Microcontroller RAM, ROM,I/O, Timers serial communication
all are in built in microcontroller,
Microprocessor is used in Higher end Industrial projects
whereas Microcontroller can be used for lower end projects
because processor can beconnected by
external memory whereas in controller it is fixed memory in
some case we can add external memory also.

Matlab code for wave equation

c=1; % speed of wave;

dx=1; % space step;

dt=0.05; % time step;

szx=200;

szy=200; % size of the drawing area

tm=3000; % time

k=0.002; % decay factor

dsz=3; % droplet size

da=0.07; % droplet amplitude

x=0:dx:(szx-dx); % Generate a x vector from 0 to 200 with step 1

y=0:dx:(szy-dx); % Generate a y vector from 0 to 200 with step 1

t=0:dt:tm; % time, generate a time vector from 0 to 3000 with step 0.05

[X,Y] = meshgrid(x,y); % Create base planes for the graph

Lx=length(x);

Ly=length(y);

u=zeros(Ly,Lx); % initial value (a null matrix for u)

uo=u; % previous = curent => velocties =0

% Initialize the drawing and the axis

close all;

hf=figure;

ha=axes;

hi=imagesc(x,y,u);

set(ha,'clim',[-1 1]); % set colors

D=[0 1 0; 1 -4 1; 0 1 0]; % 2d laplace operator, this will be used in the convolution (probably a laplace 2d operator substitute?)

 % Kdt = decay factor * dt (timestep), that's how much the wave decays per time step

 kdt=k*dt;

 % !!!! this c1 is constant, but I can't figure out what it is

 c1=dt^2*c^2/dx^2;

 % droplet as gaussian, the initial droplet is nothing else but a gaussian in a 2D matrix

 xd=-2*dsz:dx:2*dsz;

 yd=-2*dsz:dx:2*dsz;

 [Xd,Yd] = meshgrid(xd,yd);

 Zd=-da*exp(-(Xd/dsz).^2-(Yd/dsz).^2);

 % Used to count droplets

 One_single_droplet = 0;

 for tt=t

     % !!!!!! Calculate wave equation evolution -> this is exactly where I can't figure out what does this mean

    un=(2-kdt)*u+(kdt-1)*uo+c1*conv2(u,D,'same');

    uo=u; % current become old

    u=un; % new become current

       % Draw the wave updating the graph matrix values (u)

       set(hi,'Cdata',u);

       drawnow;

    % droplets, just one

    if One_single_droplet == 0

        x0d= 100;

        y0d= 100; % droplet center

        % Place the droplet centered on x0d and y0d: adds to the u matrix (the wave function) the gaussian 2d droplet

        u(y0d-2*dsz:y0d+2*dsz,x0d-2*dsz:x0d+2*dsz)=...

            u(y0d-2*dsz:y0d+2*dsz,x0d-2*dsz:x0d+2*dsz)+Zd;

        One_single_droplet = 1;

    end

 end

BH-503 nokia to Laptop connection

initially i found some trouble while connecting my(my friend's) bluetooth enabled headphone to my Lenovo laptop but finally i got the solution.

step 1:
            turn on bluetooth of laptop as well as headphone.(to turn on bluetooth of headphone press answer key and hold it for 5 seconds.)
[NOTE: BEFORE GOING TO STEP 2 CHECK THAT YOU HAVE CORRECTLY INSTALLED BLUETOOTH DRIVER PROVIDED BY YOUR LAPTOP COMPANY IF NOT THEN DOWNLOAD IT AND INSTALL IT PROPERLY.]

step 2:
           connect headphone to laptop by ADD A DEVICE option of laptop bluetooth option(it can be easily found by searching window for 'bluetooth'.).

step 3:
            now you can go for 'SHOW BLUETOOTH DEVICES' and then you will see a window like this

           

step 4:
           now doble click on BH-503 device.It will show a window.You will see an option 'CONNECT'.
just press it.It might take some minute or seconds and then it will show a window like

 It means now your laptop will use your BH-503 headphone as audio output .



IF ANY PROBLEM WHILE CONNECTING IT THEN ASK ME THROUGH YOUR COMMENTS

Gate 2013 question (Grammer)

Gate 2013: question was

Q.Complete the sentence:
Dare ____________ mistakes.
(A) commit (B) to commit (C) committed (D) committing



what could be it's answer. many of the students opted for (A)commit and many for (B)to commit.
ace academy website says it's answer should be (A)commit but Gateforum says it should be (B)to commit.

• In news title or in movie subtitle there are used sentences like 'Dare commit mistakes'.
• according to english grammer 'Dare to commit mistakes'.

I have no idea which one is correct.it's became so confusing can anybody help?

Please comment if you got me.

DRDO syllabus

1. Chemical Engineering – CH

Process Calculations and Thermodynamics:
Laws of conservation of mass and energy; use of tie components; recycle,
bypass and purge calculations; degree of freedom analysis. First and Second
laws of thermodynamics. First law application to close and open systems.
Second law and Entropy Thermodynamic properties of pure substances:
equation of state and departure function, properties of mixtures: partial
molar properties, fugacity, excess properties and activity coefficients; phase
equilibria: predicting VLE of systems;chemical reaction equilibria.
Fluid Mechanics and Mechanical Operations: Fluid statics, Newtonian
and non-Newtonian fluids, Bernoulli equation, macroscopic friction factors,
energy balance, dimensional analysis, shell balances, flows through
pipeline systems, flow meters, pumps and compressors, packed and fluidized
beds, elementary boundary layer theory, size reduction and size separation;
free and hindered settling; centrifuge and cyclones; thickening and
Classification, filtration, mixing and agitation; conveying of solids.
Heat Transfer: Conduction, convection and radiation, heat transfer
coefficients, steady and unsteady heat conduction, boiling, condensation and
evaporation; types of heat exchangers and evaporators and their design.
Mass Transfer: Fick’s laws, molecular diffusion in fluids, mass transfer
coefficients, film, penetration and surface renewal theories; momentum,
heat and mass transfer analogies; stagewise and continuous contacting
and stage efficiencies; HTU & NTU concepts design and operation of
equipment for distillation, absorption, leaching, liquid-liquid extraction,
drying, humidification, dehumidification and adsorption.
Chemical Reaction Engineering: Theories of reaction rates; kinetics of
homogeneous reactions, interpretation of kinetic data, single and multiple
reactions in ideal reactors, non-ideal reactors; residence time distribution,
single parameter model; non-isothermal reactors; kinetics of heterogeneous
catalytic reactions; diffusion effects in catalysis.
Instrumentation and Process Control: Measurement of process
variables; sensors, transducers and their dynamics, transfer functions and
dynamic responses of simple systems, process reaction curve, controller
modes (P, PI, and PID); control valves; analysis of closed loop systems
including stability, frequency response and controller tuning, cascade, feed
forward control.
Plant Design and Economics: Process design and sizing of chemical
engineering equipment such as compressors, heat exchangers, multistage
contactors; principles of process economics and cost estimation including
total annualized cost, cost indexes, rate of return, payback period,
discounted cash flow, optimization in design.
Chemical Technology: Inorganic chemical industries; sulfuric acid, NaOH,
fertilizers (Ammonia, Urea, SSP and TSP); natural products industries (Pulp
and Paper, Sugar, Oil, and Fats); petroleum refining and petrochemicals;
polymerization industries; polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC and polyester
synthetic fibers.

2. Computer Science and Engineering – CS
Theory of Computation: Regular languages and finite automata, Context
free languages and Push-down automata, Recursively enumerable sets and
Turing machines, Undecidability; NP-completeness.
Digital Logic: Logic functions, Minimization, Design and synthesis of
combinational and sequential circuits; Number representation and computer
arithmetic (fixed and floating point).
Computer Organization and Architecture: Machine instructions and
addressing modes, ALU and data-path, CPU control design, Memory
interface, I/O interface (Interrupt and DMA mode), Instruction pipelining,
Cache and main memory, Secondary storage.
Programming and Data Structures: Programming in C; Functions,
Recursion, Parameter passing, Scope, Binding; Abstract data types, Arrays,
Stacks, Queues, Linked Lists, Trees, Binary search trees, Binary heaps.
Algorithms: Analysis, Asymptotic notation, Notions of space and time
complexity, Worst and average case analysis; Design: Greedy approach,
Dynamic programming, Divide-and-conquer; Tree and graph traversals,
Connected components, Spanning trees, shortest paths; Hashing, Sorting,
Searching.
Compiler Design: Lexical analysis, Parsing, Syntax directed translation,
Runtime environments, Intermediate and target code generation, Basics of
code optimization.
Operating System: Processes, Threads, Inter-process communication,
Concurrency, Synchronization,Deadlock, CPU scheduling, Memory
management and virtual memory, File systems, I/O systems, Protection
and security.
Databases: ER-model, Relational model (relational algebra, tuple calculus),
Database design (integrity constraints, normal forms), Query languages
(SQL), File structures (sequential files, indexing, B and B+ trees),
Transactions and concurrency control.
Computer Networks: ISO/OSI stack, LAN technologies (Ethernet, Token
ring), Flow and error control techniques, Routing algorithms, Congestion
control, TCP/UDP and sockets, IP(v4), Application layer protocols
(icmp, dns, smtp, pop, ftp, http); Basic concepts of hubs, switches,
gateways, and routers.

3. Electronics and Communication Engineering – EC
Networks: Network graphs: matrices associated with graphs; incidence,
fundamental cut set and fundamental circuit matrices. Solution methods:
nodal and mesh analysis. Network theorems: superposition, Thevenin and
Norton’s maximum power transfer, Wye-Delta transformation. Steady state
sinusoidal analysis using phasors. Linear constant coefficient differential
equations; time domain analysis of simple RLC circuits, Solution of network
equations using Laplace transform: frequency domain analysis of RLC
circuits. 2-port network parameters: driving point and transfer functions.
State equations for networks.
Electronic Devices: Energy bands in silicon, intrinsic and extrinsic silicon.
Carrier transport in silicon: diffusion current, drift current, mobility, and
resistivity. Generation and recombination of carriers. p-n junction
diode, Zener diode, tunnel diode, BJT, JFET, MOS capacitor, MOSFET, LED,
p-I-n and avalanche photo diode, Basics of LASERs. Device technology:
integrated circuits fabrication process, oxidation, diffusion, ion
implantation, photolithography, n-tub, p-tub and twin-tub CMOS process.
Analog Circuits: Small Signal Equivalent circuits of diodes, BJTs, MOSFETs
and analog CMOS. Simple diode circuits, clipping, clamping, rectifier. Biasing
and bias stability of transistor and FET amplifiers.Amplifiers: single-and
multi-stage, differential and operational, feedback, and power. Frequency
response of amplifiers. Simple op-amp circuits. Filters. Sinusoidal oscillators;
criterion for oscillation; single-transistor and op-amp configurations.
Function generators and wave-shaping circuits, 555 Timers. Power supplies.
Digital Circuits: Boolean algebra, minimization of Boolean functions; logic
gates; digital IC families (DTL,TTL, ECL, MOS, CMOS). Combinatorial
circuits: arithmetic circuits, code converters, multiplexers, decoders,
PROMs and PLAs. Sequential circuits: latches and flip-flops, counters and
shift-registers. Sample and hold circuits, ADCs, DACs. Semiconductor
memories. Microprocessor(8085): architecture, programming, memory
and I/O interfacing.
Signals and Systems: Definitions and properties of Laplace transform,
continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier series, continuous-time and
discrete-time Fourier Transform, DFT and FFT, z-transform. Sampling
Theorem. Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Systems: definitions and properties;
causality, stability, impulse response, convolution, poles and zeros, parallel
and cascade structure, frequency response, group delay, phase delay.
Signal transmission through LTI systems.
Control Systems: Basic control system components; block diagrammatic
description, reduction of block diagrams. Open loop and closed loop
feedback systems and stability analysis of these systems. Signal flow
graphs and their use in determining transfer functions of systems; transient
and steady state analysis of LTI control systems and frequency response.
Tools and techniques for LTI control system analysis: root loci, Routh-
Hurwitz criterion, Bode and Nyquist plots. Control system compensators:
elements of lead and lag compensation, elements of Proportional-Integral-
Derivative (PID) control. State variable representation and Solution of state
equation of LTI control systems.
Communications: Random signals and noise: probability, random
variables, probability density function,autocorrelation, power spectral
density. Analog communication systems: amplitude and angle modulation
and demodulation systems, spectral analysis of these operations,
superheterodyne receivers; elements of hardware,realizations of analog
communication systems; signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) calculations for
amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) for low noise
conditions. Fundamentals of information theory and channel capacity
theorem. Digital communication systems: pulse code modulation (PCM),
differential pulse code modulation (DPCM), digital modulation schemes:
amplitude, phase and frequency shift keying schemes (ASK, PSK, FSK),
matched filter receivers, bandwidth consideration and probability of error
calculations for these schemes. Basics of TDMA, FDMA and CDMA and GSM.
Electromagnetics: Elements of vector calculus: divergence and curl;
Gauss’ and Stokes’ theorems, Maxwell’s equations: differential and integral
forms. Wave equation, Poynting vector. Plane waves: propagation through
various media; reflection and refraction; phase and group velocity; skin
depth. Transmission lines: characteristic impedance; impedance
transformation; Smith chart; impedance matching; S parameters, pulse
excitation. Waveguides: modes in rectangular waveguides; boundary
conditions; cut-off frequencies; dispersion relations. Basics of propagation in
dielectric waveguide and optical fibers. Basics of Antennas: Dipole antennas;
radiation pattern; antenna gain.

4. Electrical Engineering – EE
Electric Circuits and Fields:
Network graph, KCL, KVL, node and mesh analysis, transient response of dc
and ac networks; sinusoidal steady-state analysis, resonance, basic filter
concepts; ideal current and voltage sources, Thevenin’s, Norton’s and
Superposition and Maximum Power Transfer theorems, two-port networks,
three phase circuits; Gauss Theorem, electric field and potential due to
point, line, plane and spherical charge distributions; Ampere’s and Biot-
Savart’s laws; inductance; dielectrics; capacitance.
Signals and Systems: Representation of continuous and discrete-time
signals; shifting and scaling operations;linear, time-invariant and causal
systems; Fourier series representation of continuous periodic signals;
sampling theorem; Fourier, Laplace and Z transforms.
Electrical Machines: Single phase transformer - equivalent circuit, phasor
diagram, tests, regulation and efficiency; three phase transformers -
connections, parallel operation; auto-transformer; energy conversion
principles; DC machines - types, windings, generator characteristics,
armature reaction and commutation,starting and speed control of motors;
three phase induction motors - principles, types, performance
characteristics, starting and speed control; single phase induction motors;
synchronous machines - performance,regulation and parallel operation of
generators, motor starting, characteristics and applications; servo and
stepper motors.
Power Systems: Basic power generation concepts; transmission line
models and performance; cable performance, insulation; corona and radio
interference; distribution systems; per-unit quantities; bus impedance
and admittance matrices; load flow; voltage control; power factor
correction; economic operation; symmetrical components; fault analysis;
principles of over-current, differential and distance protection; solid state
relays and digital protection; circuit breakers; system stability concepts,
swing curves and equal area criterion; HVDC transmission and FACTS
concepts.
Control Systems: Principles of feedback; transfer function; block diagrams;
steady-state errors; Routh and Niquist techniques; Bode plots; root loci; lag,
lead and lead-lag compensation; state space model; state transition matrix,
controllability and observability.
Electrical and Electronic Measurements: Bridges and potentiometers;
PMMC, moving iron, dynamometer and induction type instruments;
measurement of voltage, current, power, energy and power factor;
instrument transformers; digital voltmeters and multimeters; phase, time
and frequency measurement; Q-meters;oscilloscopes; potentiometric
recorders; error analysis.
Analog and Digital Electronics: Characteristics of diodes, BJT, FET;
amplifiers - biasing, equivalent circuit and frequency response; oscillators
and feedback amplifiers; operational amplifiers - characteristics and
applications; simple active filters; VCOs and timers; combinational and
sequential logic circuits; multiplexer;Schmitt trigger; multi-vibrators; sample
and hold circuits; A/D and D/A converters; 8-bit microprocessor basics,
architecture, programming and interfacing.
Power Electronics and Drives: Semiconductor power diodes, transistors,
thyristors, triacs, GTOs, MOSFETs and IGBTs - static characteristics and
principles of operation; triggering circuits; phase control rectifiers; bridge
converters - fully controlled and half controlled; principles of choppers and
inverters; basis concepts of adjustable speed dc and ac drives.

5. Instrumentation Engineering- IN
Basics of Circuits and Measurement Systems:
Kirchoff’s laws, mesh and nodal Analysis. Circuit theorems. One-port and
two-port Network Functions. Static and dynamic characteristics of
Measurement Systems. Error
and uncertainty analysis. Statistical analysis of data and curve fitting.
Transducers, Mechanical Measurement and Industrial
Instrumentation:
Resistive, Capacitive, Inductive and piezoelectric transducers and their signal
conditioning. Measurement of displacement, velocity and acceleration
(translational and rotational), force, torque, vibration and shock.
Measurement of pressure, flow,temperature and liquid level. Measurement of
pH, conductivity, viscosity and humidity.
Analog Electronics:
Characteristics of diode, BJT, JFET and MOSFET. Diode circuits. Transistors
at low and high frequencies, Amplifiers, single and multi-stage. Feedback
amplifiers. Operational amplifiers,characteristics and circuit configurations.
Instrumentation amplifier. Precision rectifier. V-to-I and I-to-V converter.
Op-Amp based active filters. Oscillators and signal generators.
Digital Electronics:
Combinational logic circuits, minimization of Boolean functions. IC families,
TTL, MOS and CMOS. Arithmetic circuits. Comparators, Schmitt trigger,
timers and mono-stable multi-vibrator.
Sequential circuits, flip-flops, counters, shift registers. Multiplexer, S/H
circuit. Analog-to-Digital and Digitalto-Analog converters. Basics of number
system. Microprocessor applications, memory and input-output interfacing.
Microcontrollers.
Signals, Systems and Communications:
Periodic and aperiodic signals. Impulse response, transfer function and
frequency response of first- and second order systems. Convolution,
correlation and characteristics of linear
time invariant systems. Discrete time system, impulse and frequency
response. Pulse transfer function. IIR and FIR filters. Amplitude and
frequency modulation and demodulation. Sampling theorem, pulse code
modulation. Frequency and time division multiplexing. Amplitude shift
keying, frequency shift keying and pulse shift keying for digital modulation.
Electrical and Electronic Measurements:
Bridges and potentiometers, measurement of R,L and C. Measurements of
voltage, current, power, power factor and energy. A.C & D.C current probes.
Extension of instrument ranges. Q-meter and waveform analyzer. Digital
voltmeter and multi-meter. Time, phase and frequency measurements.
Cathode ray oscilloscope. Serial and parallel communication. Shielding and
grounding.
Control Systems and Process Control:
Feedback principles. Signal flow graphs. Transient Response, steadystateerrors.
Routh and Nyquist criteria. Bode plot, root loci. Time delay systems.
Phase and gain margin. State
space representation of systems. Mechanical, hydraulic and pneumatic
system components. Synchro pair, servo and step motors. On-off, cascade,
P, P-I, P-I-D, feed forward and derivative controller, Fuzzy controllers.
Analytical, Optical and Biomedical Instrumentation:
Mass spectrometry. UV, visible and IR spectrometry. X-ray and nuclear
radiation measurements. Optical sources and detectors, LED, laser, Photodiode,
photoresistor and their characteristics. Interferometers, applications
in metrology. Basics of fiber optics. Biomedical instruments, EEG, ECG and
EMG. Clinical measurements. Ultrasonic transducers and Ultrasonography.
Principles of Computer Assisted Tomography.


6. Mechanical Engineering – ME
Engineering Mechanics:
Free body diagrams and equilibrium; trusses and frames; virtual work;
kinematics and dynamics of particles and of rigid bodies in plane motion,
including impulse and momentum (linear and angular) and energy
formulations; impact.
Strength of Materials: Stress and strain, stress-strain relationship and
elastic constants, Mohr’s circle for plane stress and plane strain, thin
cylinders; shear force and bending moment diagrams; bending and shear
stresses; deflection of beams; torsion of circular shafts; Euler’s theory of
columns; strain energy methods; thermal stresses.
Theory of Machines: Displacement, velocity and acceleration analysis of
plane mechanisms; dynamic analysis of slider-crank mechanism; gear
trains; flywheels.
Vibrations: Free and forced vibration of single degree of freedom systems;
effect of damping; vibration isolation; resonance, critical speeds of shafts.
Design: Design for static and dynamic loading; failure theories; fatigue
strength and the S-N diagram;principles of the design of machine elements
such as bolted, riveted and welded joints, shafts, spur gears, rolling
and sliding contact bearings, brakes and clutches.
Fluid Mechanics: Fluid properties; fluid statics, manometry, buoyancy;
control-volume analysis of mass,momentum and energy; fluid acceleration;
differential equations of continuity and momentum; Bernoulli’s
equation; viscous flow of incompressible fluids; boundary layer; elementary
turbulent flow; flow through pipes,head losses in pipes, bends etc.
Heat-Transfer: Modes of heat transfer; one dimensional heat conduction,
resistance concept, electrical analogy, unsteady heat conduction, fins;
dimensionless parameters in free and forced convective heat transfer,
various correlations for heat transfer in flow over flat plates and through
pipes; thermal boundary layer; effect of turbulence; radiative heat transfer,
black and grey surfaces, shape factors, network analysis; heat exchanger
performance, LMTD and NTU methods.
Thermodynamics: Zeroth, First and Second laws of thermodynamics;
thermodynamic system and processes;Carnot cycle. irreversibility and
availability; behaviour of ideal and real gases, properties of pure substances,
calculation of work and heat in ideal processes; analysis of thermodynamic
cycles related to energy conversion.
Applications: Power Engineering: Steam Tables, Rankine, Brayton cycles
with regeneration and reheat. I.C. Engines: air-standard Otto, Diesel cycles.
Refrigeration and air-conditioning: Vapour refrigeration cycle, heat
pumps, gas refrigeration, Reverse Brayton cycle; moist air: psychrometric
chart, basic psychrometric processes. Turbomachinery: Pelton-wheel, Francis
and Kaplan turbines — impulse and reaction principles, velocity diagrams.
Engineering Materials: Structure and properties of engineering materials,
heat treatment, stress-strain diagrams for engineering materials.
Metal Casting: Design of patterns, moulds and cores; solidification and
cooling; riser and gating design, design considerations.
Forming: Plastic deformation and yield criteria; fundamentals of hot and
cold working processes; load estimation for bulk (forging, rolling, extrusion,
drawing) and sheet (shearing, deep drawing, bending) metal
forming processes; principles of powder metallurgy.
Joining: Physics of welding, brazing and soldering; adhesive bonding;
design considerations in welding.
Machining and Machine Tool Operations: Mechanics of machining, single
and multi-point cutting tools, tool geometry and materials, tool life and
wear; economics of machining; principles of non-traditional machining
processes; principles of work holding, principles of design of jigs and fixtures
Metrology and Inspection: Limits, fits and tolerances; linear and angular
measurements; comparators; gauge design; interferometry; form and finish
measurement; alignment and testing methods; tolerance analysis in
manufacturing and assembly.
Computer Integrated Manufacturing: Basic concepts of CAD/CAM and
their integration tools.
Production Planning and Control: Forecasting models, aggregate
production planning, scheduling, materials requirement planning.
Inventory Control: Deterministic and probabilistic models; safety stock
inventory control systems.
Operations Research: Linear programming, simplex and duplex method,
transportation, assignment, network flow models, simple queuing models,
PERT and CPM.

CSIR-UGC syllabus

CSIR-UGC (NET) EXAM FOR AWARD OF JUNIOR RESEARCH
FELLOWSHIP AND ELIGIBILITY FOR LECTURERSHIP
EXAM SCHEME FOR SINGLE PAPER CSIR-UGC NET in Engineering Sciences

The pattern for the Single Paper MCQ test in Engineering Sciences shall be as given below:-
The MCQ test paper in Engineering Science shall carry a maximum of 200 marks. The
duration of exam shall be three hours. The question paper shall be divided in three parts

Part ‘A’. This part shall carry 20 questions of General Aptitude (Logical reasoning,
graphical analysis, analytical and numerical ability, quantitative comparisons, series
formation, puzzles, etc). Candidates shall be required to answer any 15 questions. Each
question shall be of 2 marks. Total marks allocated to this section shall be 30 out of 200.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Part ‘B’: This part shall contain 25 questions related to Mathematics and Engineering
Aptitude. Candidates shall be required to answer any 20 questions. Each question shall be of
3.5 marks. Total marks allocated to this section shall be 70 out of 200.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Part ‘C’ shall contain subject related questions of the following 7 subject areas :
1. Computer Science & Information Technology
2 Electrical Science
3. Electronics
4. Materials Science
5. Fluid Mechanics
6. Solid Mechanics
7. Thermodynamics
Each subject area will have 10 questions. Candidates shall be required to answer any 20
questions out of a total of 70 questions. Each question shall be of 5 marks. The total marks
allocated to this part shall be 100 out of 200.
Negative marking for wrong answers shall be @ 25%
NB: The actual number of questions in each Part and Section to be asked and attempted may
vary from exam to exam.


SYLLABUS PART A
General aptitude with emphasis on logical reasoning, graphical analysis, analytical and
numerical ability, quantitative comparisons, series formation, puzzles, etc.

SYLLABUS PART B

Mathematics And Engineering Aptitude

Linear Algebra

Algebra of matrices, inverse, rank, system of linear equations,
symmetric, skew-symmetric and orthogonal matrices. Hermitian,
skew-Hermitian and unitary matrices. eigenvalues and
eigenvectors, diagonalisation of matrices.

Calculus

Functions of single variable, limit, continuity and differentiability,
Mean value theorems, Indeterminate forms and L'Hospital rule,
Maxima and minima, Taylor's series, Newton’s method for finding
roots of polynomials. Fundamental and mean value-theorems of
integral calculus. Numerical integration by trapezoidal and
Simpson’s rule. Evaluation of definite and improper integrals,
Beta and Gamma functions, Functions of two variables, limit,
continuity, partial derivatives, Euler's theorem for homogeneous
functions, total derivatives, maxima and minima, Lagrange method
of multipliers, double integrals and their applications, sequence and
series, tests for convergence, power series, Fourier Series, Half
range sine and cosine series.

Complex variables
Analytic functions, Cauchy-Riemann equations, Line integral,
Cauchy's integral theorem and integral formula Taylor’s and
Laurent' series, Residue theorem and its applications.
Vector Calculus

Gradient, divergence and curl, vector identities, directional
derivatives, line, surface and volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and
Green's theorems and their applications.

Ordinary Differential Equations
First order equation (linear and nonlinear), Second order linear
differential equations with variable coefficients, Variation of
parameters method, higher order linear differential equations with
constant coefficients, Cauchy-Euler's equations, power series
solutions, Legendre polynomials and Bessel's functions of the first
kind and their properties. Numerical solutions of first order
ordinary differential equations by Euler’s and Runge-Kutta
methods.
Probability
Definitions of probability and simple theorems, conditional
probability, Bayes Theorem.
Solid Body Motion and Fluid Motion:
Particle dynamics; Projectiles; Rigid Body Dynamics; Lagrangian
formulation; Eularian formulation; Bernoulli’s Equation;
Continuity equation; Surface tension; Viscosity; Brownian Motion.
Energetics:Laws of Thermodynamics; Concept of Free energy; Enthalpy, and
Entropy; Equation of State; Thermodynamics relations.
Electron Transport:Structure of atoms, Concept of energy level, Bond Theory;
Definition of conduction, Semiconductor and Insulators; Diode;
Half wave & Full wave rectification; Amplifiers & Oscillators;
Truth Table.
Electromagnetics:
Theory of Electric and Magnetic potential & field; Biot & Savart’s
Law; Theory of Dipole; Theory of Oscillation of electron;
Maxwell’s equations; Transmission theory; Amplitude &
Frequency Modulation.
Materials:

Periodic table; Properties of elements; Reaction of materials;
Metals and non-Metals (Inorganic materials), Elementary
knowledge of monomeric and polymeric compounds;
Organometallic compounds; Crystal structure and symmetry,
Structure-property correlation-metals, ceramics, and polymers.



SYLLABUS PART C
1. COMPUTER SCIENCE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Basic Discrete Mathematics: Counting principles, linear recurrence, mathematical induction,
equation sets, relations and function, predicate and propositional logic.
Digital Logic:
Logic functions, Minimization, Design and synthesis of combinational and sequential circuits;
Number representation and computer arithmetic (fixed and floating point).
Computer Organization and Architecture:
Machine instructions and addressing modes, ALU and data-path, CPU control design, Memory
interface, I/O interface (Interrupt and DMA mode), Instruction pipelining, Cache and main
memory, Secondary storage.
Programming and Data Structures:
Programming in C; Functions, Recursion, Parameter passing, Scope, Binding; Abstract data
types, Arrays, Stacks, Queues, Linked Lists, Trees, Binary search trees, Binary heaps.
Algorithms:
Analysis, Asymptotic notation, Notions of space and time complexity, Worst and average case
analysis; Design: Greedy approach, Dynamic programming, Divide-and conquer; Tree and graph
traversals, Connected components, Spanning trees, Shortest paths; Hashing, Sorting, Searching.
Asymptotic analysis (best, worst, average cases) of time and space, upper and lower bounds,
Basic concepts of complexity classes P, NP, NP-hard, NP-complete.
Operating System:
Processes, Threads, Inter-process communication, Concurrency, Synchronization, Deadlock,
CPU scheduling, Memory management and virtual memory, File systems.
Databases:
ER-model, Relational model (relational algebra, tuple calculus), Database design (integrity
constraints, normal forms), Query languages (SQL), File structures (sequential files, indexing, B
and B+ trees), Transactions and concurrency control.
Information Systems and Software Engineering:
information gathering, requirement and feasibility analysis, data flow diagrams, process
specifications, input/output design, process life cycle, planning and managing the project, design,
coding, testing, implementation, maintenance.

2. ELECTRICAL SCIENCES
Electric Circuits and Fields:
Node and mesh analysis, transient response of dc and ac networks, sinusoidal steady-state
analysis, resonance, basic filter concepts, ideal current and voltage sources, Thevenin’s,
Norton’s and Superposition and Maximum Power Transfer theorems, two port networks, three
phase circuits, measurement of power in three phase circuits, Gauss Theorem, electric field and
potential due to point, line, plane and spherical charge distributions, Ampere’s and Biot-Savart’s
laws, inductance, dielectrics , capacitance.
Electrical Machines: 
Magnetic circuits
Magnetic circuits, Single phase transformer- equivalent circuit, phasor diagram, tests, regulation
and efficiency, Three phase transformers- connections, parallel operation, auto-transformer;
energy conversion principles, DC Machines- types , starting and speed control of dc motors,
Three phase induction motors- principles, types, performance characteristics, starting and speed
control , Single phase induction motors, synchronous machines performance, regulation and
parallel operation of synchronous machine operating as generators, starting and speed control of
synchronous motors and its applications, servo and stepper motors.
Power Systems:
Basic power generation concepts, transmission line models and performance, cable performance,
insulation, corona and radio interference , Distribution systems, per-unit quantities, bus
impedance and admittance matrices, load flow, voltage and frequency control, power factor
correction; unbalanced analysis, symmetrical components, basic concepts of protection and
stability; Introduction to HVDC systems.
Control Systems:
Principles of feedback control, transfer function, block diagrams, steady state errors, Routh and
Nyquist techniques, Bode plots, Root loci, Lag , Lead and Lead-lag compensation; proportional,
PI, PID controllers, state space model , state transition matrix, controllability and observability.
Power Electronics and Drives:
Semiconductor Power devices - power diodes, power transistors, thyristors, triacs, GTOs,
MOSFETs, IGBTs – their characteristics and basic triggering circuits; diode rectifiers, thyristor
based line commutated ac to dc converters, dc to dc converters – buck, boost, buck-boost, c`uk,
flyback, forward, push-pull converters, single phase and three phase dc to ac inverters and
related pulse width modulation techniques, stability of electric drives; speed control issues of dc
motors, induction motors and synchronous motors.

3. ELECTRONICS
Analog Circuits and Systems:
Electronic devices: characteristics and small-signal equivalent circuits of diodes, BJTs and
MOSFETs. Diode circuits: clipping, clamping and rectifier. Biasing and bias stability of BJT and
FET amplifiers. Amplifiers: single-and multi-stage, differential and operational, feedback, and
power. Frequency response of amplifiers. Op-amp circuits: voltage-to-current and current-tovoltage
converters, active filters, sinusoidal oscillators, wave-shaping circuits, effect of practical
parameters (input bias current, input offset voltage, open loop gain, input resistance, CMRR).
Electronic measurements: voltage, current, impedance, time, phase, frequency measurements,
oscilloscope.
Digital Circuits and Systems:
Boolean algebra and minimization of Boolean functions. Logic gates, TTL and CMOS IC
families. Combinatorial circuits: arithmetic circuits, code converters, multiplexers and decoders.
Sequential circuits: latches and flip-flops, counters and shift-registers. Sample-and-hold
circuits,ADCs, DACs. Microprocessors and microcontrollers: number systems, 8085 and 8051
architecture, memory, I/O interfacing, Serial and parallel communication.
Signals and Systems:
Linear time invariant systems: impulse response, transfer function and frequency response of
first- and second order systems, convolution. Random signals and noise: probability, random
variables, probability density function, autocorrelation, power spectral density. Sampling
theorem, Discrete-time systems: impulse and frequency response, IIR and FIR filters.
Communications:
Amplitude and angle modulation and demodulation, frequency and time division multiplexing.
Pulse code modulation, amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying and pulse shift keying for
digital modulation. Bandwidth and SNR calculations. Information theory and channel capacity.

4. MATERIALS SCIENCE
Structure:
Atomic structure and bonding in materials. Crystal structure of materials, crystal systems, unit
cells and space lattices, miller indices of planes and directions, packing geometry in metallic,
ionic and covalent solids. Concept of amorphous, single and polycrystalline structures and their
effect on properties of materials. Imperfections in crystalline solids and their role in influencing
various properties.
Diffusion: 
Fick's laws and application of diffusion.
Metals and Alloys:
Solid solutions, solubility limit, phase rule, binary phase diagrams, intermediate phases,
intermetallic compounds, iron-iron carbide phase diagram, heat treatment of steels, cold, hot
working of metals, recovery, recrystallization and grain growth. Microstrcture, properties and
applications of ferrous and non-ferrous alloys.
Ceramics, Polymers, & Composites:
Structure, properties, processing and applications of ceramics. Classification, polymerization,
structure and properties, processing and applications. Properties and applications of various
composites.
Materials Characterization Tools:
X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron
microscopy, differential thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry.
Materials Properties:
Stress-strain diagrams of metallic, ceramic and polymeric materials, modulus of elasticity, yield
strength, tensile strength, toughness, elongation, plastic deformation, viscoelasticity, hardness,
impact strength, creep, fatigue, ductile and brittle fracture.
Heat capacity, thermal conductivity, thermal expansion of materials. Concept of energy band
diagram for materials - conductors, semiconductors and insulators, intrinsic and extrinsic
semiconductors, dielectric properties. Origin of magnetism in metallic and ceramic materials,
paramagnetism, diamagnetism, antiferro magnetism, ferromagnetism, ferrimagnetism, magnetic
hysterisis.
Environmental Degradation:
Corrosion and oxidation of materials, prevention.

5. FLUID MECHANICS
Fluid Properties:
Relation between stress and strain rate for Newtonian fluids; Buoyancy, manometry, forces on
submerged bodies.
Kinematics
Eulerian and Lagrangian description of fluid motion, strain rate and vorticity; concept of local
and convective accelerations, steady and unsteady flows
Control Volume Based Analysis
Control volume analysis for mass, momentum and energy.
Differential equations of mass and momentum (Euler equation), Bernoulli's equation and its
applications, Concept of fluid rotation.
Potential flow:
Vorticity, Stream function and Velocity potential function; Elementary flow fields and principles
of superposition, potential flow past a circular cylinder.
Dimensional analysis:
Concept of geometric, kinematic and dynamic similarity, Non-dimensional numbers and their
usage.
Viscous Flows
Navier-Stokes Equations; Exact Solutions; Couette Flow, Fully-developed pipe flow,
Hydrodynamic lubrication, Basic ideas of Laminar and Turbulent flows, Prandtl-mixing length,
Friction factor, Darcy-Weisbach relation, Simple pipe networks.
Boundary Layer
Qualitative ideas of boundary layer, Boundary Layer Equation; Separation, Streamlined and
bluff bodies, drag and lift forces.
Measurements
Basic ideas of flow measurement using venturimeter, pitot-static tube and orifice plate.

6. SOLID MECHANICS
Equivalent force systems; free-body diagrams; equilibrium equations; analysis of determinate
trusses and frames; friction; simple particle dynamics; plane kinematics and kinetics; workenergy
and impulse-momentum principles;
Stresses and strains; principal stresses and strains; Mohr's circle; generalized Hooke's Law;
thermal strain.
Axial, shear and bending moment diagrams; axial, shear and bending stresses; deflection of
beams (symmetric bending); Torsion in circular shafts; thin walled pressure vessels. Energy
methods (Catigliano’s theorems) for analysis.
Combined axial, bending and torsional action; Theories of failure.
Buckling of columns.
Free vibration of single degree of freedom systems.

7. THERMODYNAMICS
Basic Concepts:
Continuum, macroscopic approach, thermodynamic system (closed and open or control volume);
thermodynamic properties and equilibrium; state of a system, state diagram, path and process;
different modes of work; Zeroth law of thermodynamics; concept of temperature; heat.
First Law of Thermodynamics:
Energy, enthalpy, specific heats, first law applied to closed systems and open systems (control
volumes), steady and unsteady flow analysis.
Second Law of Thermodynamics:
Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements, reversible and irreversible processes, Carnot theorems,
thermodynamic temperature scale, Clausius inequality and concept of entropy, principle of
increase of entropy, entropy balance for closed and open systems, exergy (availability) and
irreversibility, non-flow and flow exergy.
Properties of Pure Substances:
Thermodynamic properties of pure substances in solid, liquid and vapor phases, P-V-T behaviour
of simple compressible substances, phase rule, thermodynamic property tables and charts, ideal
and real gases, equations of state, compressibility chart.
Thermodynamic Relations:
T-ds relations, Maxwell equations, Joule-Thomson coefficient, coefficient of volume expansion,
adiabatic and isothermal compressibilities, Clapeyron equation.
Thermodynamic cycles:
Carnot vapour power cycle; simple Rankine cycle, reheat and regenerative Rankine cycle; Air
standard cycles: Otto cycle, Diesel cycle, simple Brayton cycle, Brayton cycle with regeneration,
reheat and intercooling; vapour-compression refrigeration cycle.
Ideal Gas Mixtures:
Dalton's and Amagat's laws, calculations of properties (internal energy, enthalpy, entropy), airwater
vapour mixtures and simple thermodynamic processes involving them.

BALDNESS

                                                                                         What is baldness? 
                             Losing hair from scalp is very horrible.Baldness is the partial or complete lack of hair, and part of the wider topic of "hair thinning".

REASONS:

•  Alopecia    

                  Symptoms of alopecia include hair loss, skin lesions, and scarring. In male-pattern hair loss, loss and thinning begin at the temples and the crown and either thins out or falls out. Female-pattern hair loss occurs at the frontal and parietal.Pattern baldness Genetically determined baldness

• Stress    

                        Cause mental or emotional strain    

• Androgenetic alopecia   

                         Androgenic alopecia (also known as androgenetic alopecia, alopecia androgenetica, male pattern baldness) is hair loss that occurs due to an underlying susceptibility of hair follicles to androgenic miniaturization. It is the most common cause of hair loss and will affect up to 70% of men and 40% of women at some point in their lifetime. Men typically present with hairline recession at the temples and vertex balding while women normally diffusely thin over the top of their scalps

• Alopecia areata     

                          Alopecia areata (AA) is a medical condition in which hair is lost from some or all areas of the body, usually from the scalp .         



SOLUTION

• Take  s full rest sleep.
• Clean your scalp (without applying lot of pressure on scalp).
• Do something so that your head become cool. Keep your scalp away from heat of SUN.

Gate 2013 solution

GATE-2013 PAPER SOLUTION

• electronics and communication 

         (http://gateforum.com/gatepapers/EC-GATE'13.pdf)

• Computer Science & Information Technology 

         (http://gateforum.com/gatepapers/CS-GATE'13.pdf)

• Mechanical Engineering            

         (http://gateforum.com/gatepapers/ME-GATE'13.pdf)

• Electrical Engineering

         (http://gateforum.com/gatepapers/EE-GATE'13.pdf)

   

         (Thanks to Gateforum website.)

Gate 2013 RANK ESTIMATOR

GATE 2013 RANK ESTIMATOR  or
GATE 2013 OBSERVATION        or
GATE 2013 RANK ANALYSIS
can be found here
http://www.gatecounsellor.com/estimate-gate-2013-rank-score-on-basis-of-gate-2013-marks/index.php